trench fortifications 1914 1918 a reference manual by anon

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trench fortifications 1914 1918 a reference manual by anonOur payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. We don’t share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we don’t sell your information to others. Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. It is intended to be a companion volume to British Trench Tactics, 1917-1918 and is designed to give the enthusiast and scholar some idea of field engineering tasks on the Western Front during the Great War. The contents show the often similar but sometimes unique approaches to the art of trench warfare by the various armies.Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Videos Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video. Upload video To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. So when I found this compilation of French, German and American manuals on trench warfare it was a no-brainer when it came to purchase. I did mainly buy the book for the German section, which is unfortunately the shortest, but I can't underestimate how useful it was for my study to have access to it. There is a vast amount of diagrams for each section which make things easy to understand. Overall I've found it to be an insightful book, on what the Army HQ's wanted their trenches to be like and what they often were not in reality. Please choose a different delivery location or purchase from another seller.Please choose a different delivery location or purchase from another seller.Please try again. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content.http://cmtsport.com/pliki/brother-fax-2880-manual.xml

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A Reference Manual It is intended to be a companion volume to British Trench Tactics, 1917-1918 and is designed to give the enthusiast and scholar some idea of field engineering tasks on the Western Front during the Great War. The contents show the often similar but sometimes unique approaches to the art of trench warfare by the various armies.A Reference. It is intended to be a companion volume to British Trench Tactics, 1917-1918 and is designed to give the enthusiast and scholar some idea of field engineering tasks on the Western Front during the Great War. The contents show the often similar but sometimes unique approaches to the art of trench warfare by the various armies.The innovative For this we add a surcharge of ?3.85 per book in addition to the ?3.85 standard charge.Great care is taken with the packing of mail orders so that they arrive in the same condition they left our premises. We try to despatch all orders within five days; please allow 28 days for delivery. Mainland UK, Europe and overseas airmail. (45 -90 days Europe and North America surface mail. Rest of the World allow 60 -120 days). Multiple orders may arrive in more than one package.All Rights Reserved. Tekrar deneyin. Cerezleri Kabul Et Cerezleri Ozellestir Lutfen farkl? bir teslimat adresi secin.Dolay?s?yla, ithalatc? ve nihai kullan?c? olarak gumruk islemlerinizin yap?labilmesi icin TC kimlik numaran?za ihtiyac duyulmaktad?r. Detayl? bilgiye Gizlilik Bildirimi’nden ulasabilirsiniz.Lutfen tekrar deneyin.It is intended to be a companion volume to British Trench Tactics, 1917-1918 and is designed to give the enthusiast and scholar some idea of field engineering tasks on the Western Front during the Great War. The contents show the often similar but sometimes unique approaches to the art of trench warfare by the various armies.Sistemimiz, ayr?ca guvenilirligi dogrulamak icin yorumlar.https://domprirody.com/userfiles/brother-fax-290mc-manual-espa-ol.xmlSo when I found this compilation of French, German and American manuals on trench warfare it was a no-brainer when it came to purchase. Uzywamy rowniez tych plikow cookie, aby zrozumiec, w jaki sposob klienci korzystaja z naszych uslug (na przyklad poprzez pomiar odwiedzin w witrynie), abysmy mogli wprowadzac ulepszenia. Obejmuje to uzywanie plikow cookie podmiotow trzecich w celu wyswietlania i pomiaru reklam opartych na zainteresowaniach. Niestety wystapil problem podczas zapisywania preferencji dotyczacych plikow cookie. Sprobuj ponownie. Zaakceptuj pliki cookie Dostosuj pliki cookie Piatek, 23 lipSprobuj ponownie.Sprobuj ponownie.It is intended to be a companion volume to British Trench Tactics, 1917-1918 and is designed to give the enthusiast and scholar some idea of field engineering tasks on the Western Front during the Great War. The contents show the often similar but sometimes unique approaches to the art of trench warfare by the various armies.Aby obliczyc ogolna ocene w gwiazdkach i podzial procentowy w przeliczeniu na gwiazdki, korzystamy z czegos wiecej niz tylko prostej sredniej. Zamiast tego nasz system bierze pod uwage takie elementy jak wiek opinii oraz czy recenzent kupil ten przedmiot w serwisie Amazon. Analizuje rowniez opinie pod katem wiarygodnosci. So when I found this compilation of French, German and American manuals on trench warfare it was a no-brainer when it came to purchase. By using our website you agree to our use of cookies. It is intended to be a companion volume to British Trench Tactics, 1917-1918 and is designed to give the enthusiast and scholar some idea of field engineering tasks on the Western Front during the Great War. The contents show the often similar but sometimes unique approaches to the art of trench warfare by the various armies.We're featuring millions of their reader ratings on our book pages to help you find your new favourite book.http://www.bosport.be/newsletter/4-way-2-position-manual-hydraulic-valve This provided a unique opportunity to examine the geological constraints on dugout excavation in this region during the Great War, namely: (1) position relative to water table; (2) geotechnical properties of the soils; and (3) ground cover. The dugout is shallow (2 m deep) and excavated in a basic T-shape, with accommodation for 66 men and four officers. It is cut within silty-sand levels at the base of the Gent Formation (Paniselian of previous authors) and was ultimately wet, the sands being irregularly oxidized, possibly by the ingress of air following drawdown of water into the chamber. All other known British dugouts in the region are deeper, providing greater protection from howitzer shell fire. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Recommended articles No articles found. Citing articles Article Metrics View article metrics About ScienceDirect Remote access Shopping cart Advertise Contact and support Terms and conditions Privacy policy We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Total loading time: 0.266. Render date: 2021-07-21T09:55:39.032Z. Has data issue: true. English Francais Antiquity Article contents Extract References The application of First World War aerial photography to archaeology: the Belgian images. Part of:Birger StichelbautThe author applies modern digital mapping technology to the aerial photographs taken by the intrepid early pilots, and creates a landscape of military works that would not have been known in detail to either historians or generals at the time. The GIS inventory has great potential for historians of the war and is a vital instrument for the management of this increasingly important heritage. InformationReferences London: HMSO. Google Scholar Brussels: Defence National. Google Scholar The Battery Press Reference Series 18.http://www.eleco99.com/images/bresser-night-vision-3x40-manual.pdf London: Imperial War Museum. Google Scholar Paris: Librairie Delagrave. Google Scholar A history of British survey and mapping on the western front 1914-1918. Lewes: Mapbooks. Google Scholar Marlborough: Crowood. Google Scholar Google Scholar Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar La Conquetedelair, Bulletin Officiel de lAeroclub de Belgique Erpe-Mere: De Krijger. Google Scholar Archaeological Reports Ghent University 4. Ghent: Academia. Google Scholar 27 Cited by Cited by Loading. This list is generated based on data provided byAntiquity. Vol. 82. Issue. 317,Ladefoged, Thegn N.Journal of Archaeological Research. Vol. 17. Issue. 3,Archaeological Prospection. Vol. 18. Issue. 1,Journal of Conflict Archaeology. Vol. 7. Issue. 2,Clercq, Wim DePost-Medieval Archaeology. Vol. 47. Issue. 1,De Clercq, Wim. Herremans, DavyBourgeois, JeanJones, Rebecca H.Rosenbauer, Ralph. Buchbach, Ralf. Busche, ThomasRutishauser, SusanneRemote Sensing. Vol. 6. Issue. 10,Madella, Marco. Galiatsatos, Nikolaos. Balbo, Andrea L. Rajesh, S. V.Ajithprasad, P.Archaeological Prospection. Vol. 22,Saey, Timothy. Van Hollebeeke, Yannick. Verplaetse, Stephanie. Note, Nicolas. Bourgeois, Jean. Van Meirvenne, Marc. Van Eetvelde, VeerleStichelbaut, BirgerArchaeological Prospection. Vol. 23. Issue. 3,Gheyle, Wouter. Van Eetvelde, Veerle. Saey, Timothy. Van den Berghe, HanneBourgeois, JeanVol. 91. Issue. 355,Beex, WillemJournal of Conflict Archaeology. Vol. 12. Issue. 2,Mihai, BogdanCarlan, IrinaA Case Study from Curtea de Arges, Romania. Quaestiones Geographicae. Vol. 36. Issue. 3,Zorn, MatijaRibeiro, DanielaOpen Geosciences. Vol. 10. Issue. 1,Gheyle, WouterSaey, Timothy. Van Meirvenne, MarcStichelbaut, BirgerGeoderma. Vol. 310. Issue.,Wang, Xinyuan. Guo, Huadong. Lasaponara, Rosa. Zong, Xin. Masini, Nicola. Wang, Guizhou. Shi, Pilong. Khatteli, Houcine. Chen, Fulong. Tariq, Shahina. Shao, Jie. Bachagha, Nabil. Yang, RuixiaYao, YaVol. 232. Issue.,Fdez-Arroyabe, P.Saey, Timothy.https://bascobrunswick.com.au/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628666cd24ef1---c5-corvette-manual-trunk-release.pdf Gheyle, Wouter. Stichelbaut, Birger. Van den Berghe, Hanne. Van Eetvelde, VeerleVan Meirvenne, MarcGeoarchaeology. Vol. 34. Issue. 2. Issued by the German Army in 1916. COMBINED POSTAGE- with Ebay’s new system, many of you cannot ask for an invoice. Be assured, if you must pay for a number of separate titles, we will always refund all overpays on combined postage when processing the order INTERNATIONAL POSTAGE NOTICE. Due to increasingly higher U.S. postal rates, and the many packages that we have lost or damaged, on International Mail, we now only will ship internationally via E-Bay’s Global shipping program, which goes by courier services.These charges are the buyer's responsibility. These charges are normally collected by the delivering freight (shipping) company or when you pick the item up. Do not confuse them for additional shipping charges. Please be patient- we aim to provide the best service we can. We have been in business 50 years. VINTAGE PAPERBACK BOOKS Please be aware that the binding glue in vintage paperbacks is likely to be much drier than newer books, and thus more fragile than more modern printings. Paper also can be sometimes somewhat brittle. Shipments inside the US are also experiencing massive slowdowns, please be patient. Media Sometimes is taking 1 to 4 weeks with no rhyme or reason as to why.Super high amount of views. 3 sold, 3 available. More Super high amount of views. 3 sold, 3 available. You are the salt of the earth.You are the light of the world. For a chronological history of trench warfare in France and Belgium in World War I, see Western Front (World War I). Attacks, even if successful, often sustained severe casualties.One sentry keeps watch while the others sleep.5percent-design-action.com/upload/users/files/color-computer-basic-manual.pdf Photo by Ernest Brooks Photo by Ernest Brooks Fundamentally, as the range and rate of fire of rifled small-arms increased, a defender shielded from enemy fire (in a trench, at a house window, behind a large rock, or behind other cover) was often able to kill several approaching foes before they closed with his position. The increases in firepower had outstripped the ability of infantry (or even cavalry ) to cover the ground between firing lines, and the ability of armour to withstand fire.To attack frontally was to court crippling losses, so an outflanking operation was the preferred method of attack against an entrenched enemy.Mass infantry assaults were futile in the face of artillery fire, as well as rapid rifle and machine-gun fire. Frontal assaults, and their associated casualties, became inevitable because the continuous trench lines had no open flanks. Casualties of the defenders matched those of the attackers, as vast reserves were expended in costly counter-attacks or exposed to the attacker's massed artillery. There were periods in which rigid trench warfare broke down, such as during the Battle of the Somme, but the lines never moved very far. The war would be won by the side that was able to commit the last reserves to the Western Front.The heavy use of artillery meant that ammunition expenditure was far higher in WWI than in any previous conflict. Horses and carts were insufficient for transporting large quantities over long distances, so armies had trouble moving far from railheads. This greatly slowed advances, making it impossible for either side to achieve a breakthrough that would change the war.They were far stronger and more effective than chains of forts, for they formed a continuous network, sometimes with four or five parallel lines linked by interfacings. They were dug far below the surface of the earth out of reach of the heaviest artillery.Grand battles with the old maneuvers were out of the question.http://caacoding.net/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628666cdd7ebe---C5-corvette-service-manual-download.pdf Only by bombardment, sapping, and assault could the enemy be shaken, and such operations had to be conducted on an immense scale to produce appreciable results. Indeed, it is questionable whether the German lines in France could ever have been broken if the Germans had not wasted their resources in unsuccessful assaults, and the blockade by sea had not gradually cut off their supplies.They lacked traverses, and according to pre-war doctrine were to be packed with men fighting shoulder to shoulder. This doctrine led to heavy casualties from artillery fire. This vulnerability, and the length of the front to be defended, soon led to front line trenches being held by fewer men. They resisted both artillery bombardment and mass infantry assault.Entrenching, where a man would stand on the surface and dig downwards, was most efficient, as it allowed a large digging party to dig the full length of the trench simultaneously. However, entrenching left the diggers exposed above ground and hence could only be carried out when free of observation, such as in a rear area or at night. Sapping involved extending the trench by digging away at the end face. The diggers were not exposed, but only one or two men could work on the trench at a time. The guidelines for British trench construction stated that it would take 450 men 6 hours at night to complete 250 m (270 yd) of front-line trench system. Thereafter, the trench would require constant maintenance to prevent deterioration caused by weather or shelling.The embanked rear lip of the trench was called the parados, which protected the soldier's back from shells falling behind the trench. The sides of the trench were often revetted with sandbags, wire mesh, wooden frames and sometimes roofs. The floor of the trench was usually covered by wooden duckboards. In later designs the floor might be raised on a wooden frame to provide a drainage channel underneath.https://www.iso-clean.fr/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628666e1eb1b5---C5-corvette-manual-transmission-fluid.pdf A number of armies made use of the periscope rifle, which enabled soldiers to snipe at the enemy without exposing themselves over the parapet, although at the cost of reduced shooting accuracy. The device is most associated with Australian and New Zealand troops at Gallipoli, where the Turks held the high ground.British dugouts were usually 2.5 to 5 m (8 to 16 ft) deep. They used reinforced concrete to construct deep, shell-proof, ventilated dugouts, as well as strategic strongpoints.Later, this evolved to have the combat trenches broken into distinct fire bays connected by traverses. While this isolated the view of friendly soldiers along their own trench, this ensured the entire trench could not be enfiladed if the enemy gained access at any one point; or if a bomb, grenade, or shell landed in the trench, the blast could not travel far.The point at which a communications trench intersected the front trench was of critical importance, and it was usually heavily fortified.This defensive layout was soon rendered obsolete as the power of artillery grew; however, in certain sectors of the front, the support trench was maintained as a decoy to attract the enemy bombardment away from the front and reserve lines. Fires were lit in the support line to make it appear inhabited and any damage done immediately repaired.German trenches at the right and bottom, British at the top-left. When a major attack was planned, assembly trenches would be dug near the front trench. When one side's front line bulged towards the opposition, a salient was formed.The Germans often prepared multiple redundant trench systems; in 1916 their Somme front featured two complete trench systems, one kilometre apart, with a third partially completed system a further kilometre behind. This duplication made a decisive breakthrough virtually impossible.5571818.com/userfiles/files/color-cmos-camera-manual.pdfAlthough the barbs or razors might cause minor injuries, the purpose was to entangle the limbs of enemy soldiers, forcing them to stop and methodically pull or work the wire off, likely taking several seconds, or even longer. This is deadly when the wire is emplaced at points of maximum exposure to concentrated enemy firepower, in plain sight of enemy fire bays and machine guns. The combination of wire and firepower was the cause of most failed attacks in trench warfare and their very high casualties. Liddell Hart identified barbed wire and the machine gun as the elements that had to be broken to regain a mobile battlefield.Loose lines of wire can be more effective in entangling than tight ones, and it was common to use the coils of barbed wire as delivered only partially stretched out, called concertina wire. Placing and repairing wire in no man's land relied on stealth, usually done at night by special wiring parties, who could also be tasked with secretly sabotaging enemy wires. The screw picket, invented by the Germans and later adopted by the Allies during the war, was quieter than driving stakes. Wire often stretched the entire length of a battlefield's trench line, in multiple lines, sometimes covering a depth 30 metres (100 ft) or more.Prolonged artillery bombardment could damage them, but not reliably. The first soldier meeting the wire could jump onto the top of it, hopefully depressing it enough for those that followed to get over him; this still took at least one soldier out of action for each line of wire.In the forward zone, the conventional transport infrastructure of roads and rail were replaced by the network of trenches and trench railways. The critical advantage that could be gained by holding the high ground meant that minor hills and ridges gained enormous significance. Many slight hills and valleys were so subtle as to have been nameless until the front line encroached upon them. Some hills were named for their height in metres, such as Hill 60. A farmhouse, windmill, quarry, or copse of trees would become the focus of a determined struggle simply because it was the largest identifiable feature. However, it would not take the artillery long to obliterate it, so that thereafter it became just a name on a map.Heavy shelling quickly destroyed the network of ditches and water channels which had previously drained this low-lying area of Belgium. In most places, the water table was only a metre or so below the surface, meaning that any trench dug in the ground would quickly flood. Initially, both the parapet and parados of the trench were built in this way, but a later technique was to dispense with the parados for much of the trench line, thus exposing the rear of the trench to fire from the reserve line in case the front was breached.The Ortler had an artillery position on its summit near the front line. The trench-line management and trench profiles had to be adapted to the rough terrain, hard rock, and harsh weather conditions. Many trench systems were constructed within glaciers such as the Adamello-Presanella group or the famous city below the ice on the Marmolada in the Dolomites.On the Western Front it was typically between 90 and 275 metres (100 and 300 yd), though only 25 metres (30 yd) on Vimy Ridge.On the Eastern Front and in the Middle East, the areas to be covered were so vast, and the distances from the factories supplying shells, bullets, concrete and barbed wire so great, trench warfare in the West European style often did not occur.Especially for the British, what hand grenades were issued tended to be few in numbers and less effective. This emphasis began to shift as soon as trench warfare began; militaries rushed improved grenades into mass production, including rifle grenades.Both sides were quick to raise specialist grenadier groups. The grenade enabled a soldier to engage the enemy without exposing himself to fire, and it did not require precise accuracy to kill or maim. Another benefit was that if a soldier could get close enough to the trenches, enemies hiding in trenches could be attacked. The Germans and Turks were well equipped with grenades from the start of the war, but the British, who had ceased using grenadiers in the 1870s and did not anticipate a siege war, entered the conflict with virtually none, so soldiers had to improvise bombs with whatever was available (see Jam Tin Grenade ). By late 1915, the British Mills bomb had entered wide circulation, and by the end of the war 75 million had been used.The shorter length also made them easier to use in the confined quarters of the trenches. These tools could then be used to dig in after they had taken a trench. Modern military digging tools are as a rule designed to also function as a melee weapon. As the war progressed, better equipment was issued, and improvised arms were discarded.They cleared surviving enemy personnel from recently overrun trenches and made clandestine raids into enemy trenches to gather intelligence. Volunteers for this dangerous work were often exempted from participation in frontal assaults over open ground and from routine work like filling sandbags, draining trenches, and repairing barbed wire in no-man's land. When allowed to choose their own weapons, many selected grenades, knives and pistols. FN M1900 pistols were highly regarded for this work, but never available in adequate quantities. The technology was in its infancy, and use was not very common until the end of 1917 when portability and reliability were improved. It was used in more than 300 documented battles. By 1918, it became a weapon of choice for Sto?truppen (stormtroopers) with a team of six Pioniere ( combat engineers ) per squad. Anzac and some British soldiers were also known to use sawn-off shotguns in trench raids, because of their portability, effectiveness at close range, and ease of use in the confines of a trench. This practice was not officially sanctioned, and the shotguns used were invariably modified sporting guns.At Gallipoli and in Palestine the Turks provided the infantry, but it was usually Germans who manned the machine guns.Minutes before the attack on Vimy Ridge the Canadians thickened the artillery barrage by aiming machine guns indirectly to deliver plunging fire on the Germans. They also significantly increased the number of machine guns per battalion. To match demand, production of the Vickers machine gun was contracted to firms in the United States. By 1917, every company in the British forces were also equipped with four Lewis light machine guns, which significantly enhanced their firepower.Equally it could be used as light artillery in bombarding distant trenches. Heavy machine guns required teams of up to eight men to move them, maintain them, and keep them supplied with ammunition. This made them impractical for offensive manoeuvres, contributing to the stalemate on the Western Front.They changed the face of warfare tactics and were later employed during World War II. More than 80,000 of the best shooters received the semi-automatic RSC 1917 rifle, allowing them to rapid fire at waves of attacking soldiers. Firing ports were installed in the newly arrived Renault FT tanks.It was primarily used to destroy German machine gun nests and concrete reinforced pillboxes with high explosive and armour-piercing rounds.The MP 18 was the first practical submachine gun used in combat. Around the same time, the Italians had developed the Beretta M1918 submachine gun, based on a design from earlier in the war.An infantry attack was rarely successful if it advanced beyond the range of its supporting artillery. In addition to bombarding the enemy infantry in the trenches, the artillery could be used to precede infantry advances with a creeping barrage, or engage in counter-battery duels to try to destroy the enemy's guns. Artillery mainly fired fragmentation, high-explosive, shrapnel or, later in the war, gas shells. The British experimented with firing thermite incendiary shells, to set trees and ruins alight. However, all armies experienced shell shortages during the first year or two of World War I, due to underestimating their usage in intensive combat. Guns fired high-velocity shells over a flat trajectory and were often used to deliver fragmentation and to cut barbed wire. Howitzers lofted the shell over a high trajectory so it plunged into the ground. The largest calibers were usually howitzers. The German 420 mm (17 in) howitzer weighed 20 tons and could fire a one-ton shell over 10 km (6.2 mi). A critical feature of period artillery pieces was the hydraulic recoil mechanism, which meant the gun did not need to be re-aimed after each shot, permitting a tremendous increase in rate of fire.The process of gun registration would often alert the enemy an attack was being planned. Towards the end of 1917, artillery techniques were developed enabling fire to be delivered accurately without registration on the battlefield—the gun registration was done behind the lines then the pre-registered guns were brought up to the front for a surprise attack.In 1914, the British fired a total of 545 mortar shells; in 1916, they fired over 6,500,000. Similarly, howitzers, which fire on a more direct arc than mortars, raised in number from over 1,000 shells in 1914, to over 4,500,000 in 1916. The smaller numerical difference in mortar rounds, as opposed to howitzer rounds, is presumed by many to be related to the expanded costs of manufacturing the larger and more resource intensive howitzer rounds.It was a light mortar, simple in operation, and capable of a rapid rate of fire by virtue of the propellant cartridge being attached to the base shell. To fire the Stokes mortar, the round was simply dropped into the tube, where the percussion cartridge was detonated when it struck the firing pin at the bottom of the barrel, thus being launched. The Germans used a range of mortars. The smallest were grenade-throwers (' Granatenwerfer ') which fired the stick grenades which were commonly used. Their medium trench-mortars were called mine-throwers (' Minenwerfer '). The flight of the missile was so slow and leisurely that men on the receiving end could make some attempt to seek shelter.The effect was to end up in attrition; the process of progressively grinding down the opposition's resources until, ultimately, they are no longer able to wage war. This did not prevent the ambitious commander from pursuing the strategy of annihilation—the ideal of an offensive battle which produces victory in one decisive engagement. His major trench offensives—the Somme in 1916 and Flanders in 1917—were conceived as breakthrough battles but both degenerated into costly attrition.This was the standard method early in the war; it was rarely successful. More common was an attack at night from an advanced post in no man's land, having cut the barbed wire beforehand. In 1915, the Germans innovated with infiltration tactics where small groups of highly trained and well-equipped troops would attack vulnerable points and bypass strong points, driving deep into the rear areas. The distance they could advance was still limited by their ability to supply and communicate.The first aim of a bombardment was to prepare the ground for an infantry assault, killing or demoralising the enemy garrison and destroying their defences. The duration of these initial bombardments varied, from seconds to days. Artillery bombardments prior to infantry assaults were often ineffective at destroying enemy defences, only serving to provide advance notice of an attack.