south africa intelligence security activities operations handbook volume 1 strategic

south africa intelligence security activities operations handbook volume 1 strategic

LINK 1 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
LINK 2 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF

File Name:south africa intelligence security activities operations handbook volume 1 strategic.pdf
Size: 2911 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook

Category: Book
Uploaded: 2 May 2019, 17:32 PM
Rating: 4.6/5 from 666 votes.

Status: AVAILABLE

Last checked: 2 Minutes ago!

In order to read or download south africa intelligence security activities operations handbook volume 1 strategic ebook, you need to create a FREE account.

Download Now!

eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version

✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.

✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)

✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.

✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers

south africa intelligence security activities operations handbook volume 1 strategicIf you want to test a relationship between two or more things, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection. Developing a hypothesis Hypothesis examples It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data). An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures. The dependent variable is the frequency of doctor’s visits — the assumed effect. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain: The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0, while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a. H 1: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores. Thanks:-) She has also worked as an editor and teacher, working with students at all different levels to improve their academic writing.It gives your research a clear purpose and justification. They should be specific and feasible, but complex enough to merit a detailed answer.http://www.howellsleisure.co.uk/images/hydrologic-modeling-system-hec-hms-technical-reference-manual.xml

Tags:
• south africa intelligence security activities operations handbook volume 1 strategic.

If you leave JavaScript disabled, you will only access a portion of the content we are providing. Here's how. Once a scientist has a scientific question she is interested in, the scientist reads up to find out what is already known on the topic. Then she uses that information to form a tentative answer to her scientific question.Predictions should include both an independent variable (the factor you change in an experiment) and a dependent variable (the factor you observe or measure in an experiment). A single hypothesis can lead to multiple predictions, but generally, one or two predictions is enough to tackle for a science fair project. To get the energy their bodies need, the larger animals eat more food. Fertilizer adds those nutrients to the soil, thus allowing plants to grow more. As more current flows through the motor's electromagnet, the strength of the magnetic field increases, thus turning the motor faster. If they leave the classroom, the students feel free to break the rules and talk more, making the room nosier. First, do not panic. The point of a science project is not to prove your hypothesis right. The point is to understand more about how the natural world works. Or, as it is sometimes put, to find out the scientific truth. When scientists do an experiment, they very often have data that shows their starting hypothesis was wrong. Why? Well, the natural world is complex—it takes a lot of experimenting to figure out how it works—and the more explanations you test, the closer you get to figuring out the truth. For scientists, disproving a hypothesis still means they gained important information, and they can use that information to make their next hypothesis even better.http://anankidsacademy.com/userfiles/hydrologic-stealth-ro-100-manual.xml In a science fair setting, judges can be just as impressed by projects that start out with a faulty hypothesis; what matters more is whether you understood your science fair project, had a well-controlled experiment, and have ideas about what you would do next to improve your project if you had more time. You can read more about a science fair judge's view on disproving your hypothesis here. This goes back to the point that nature is complex—so complex that it takes more than a single experiment to figure it all out because a single experiment could give you misleading data. For example, let us say that you hypothesize that earthworms do not exist in places that have very cold winters because it is too cold for them to survive. You then predict that you will find earthworms in the dirt in Florida, which has warm winters, but not Alaska, which has cold winters. When you go and dig a 3-foot by 3-foot-wide and 1-foot-deep hole in the dirt in those two states, you discover Floridian earthworms, but not Alaskan ones. So, was your hypothesis right. Can you really be sure there are no earthworms in Alaska? No. Which is why scientists only support (or not) their hypothesis with data, rather than proving them. And for the curious, yes there are earthworms in Alaska. When printing this document, you may NOT modify it in any way. For any other use, please contact Science Buddies. Without javascript some functions will not work, including question submission via the form. Generally used in quantitative research studies, it's an educated guess or prediction about the relationship between two variables. It must be a testable statement.something that you can support or falsify with observable evidence. See our schedule. Report a problem with the LibAnswers site. Librarian Sign In. It is an integral part of the scientific method that forms the basis of scientific experiments. Therefore, you need to be careful and thorough when building your hypothesis.http://dev.pb-adcon.de/node/27251 A minor flaw in the construction of your hypothesis could have an adverse effect on your experiment. In particular, your hypothesis may begin with a question which could be further explored through background research. If yes, then how? Furthermore, it can help you identify weaknesses in your hypothesis and revise it if necessary. Furthermore, it implies researcher’s intellectual commitment to a particular outcome. Non-directional hypothesis is used when there is no theory involved or when findings contradict previous research. A change in one variable results in the change of the other variable. On the other hand, causal hypothesis proposes an effect on the dependent due to manipulation of the independent variable. It is rather an intricate statement that needs to offer a clear introduction to a scientific experiment, its intentions, and the possible outcomes. However, there are some important things to consider when building a compelling hypothesis. Independent variables are isolated from other factors of the study. They are influenced by the change in independent variable. The validity of your experiment and its results rely on a robust testable hypothesis. Developing a strong testable hypothesis has few advantages, it compels us to think intensely and specifically about the outcomes of a study. Consequently, it enables us to understand the implication of the question and the different variables involved in the study. Furthermore, it helps us to make precise predictions based on prior research. Hence, forming a hypothesis would be of great value to the research. Here are some good examples of testable hypotheses. A testable hypothesis is a hypothesis that can be proved or disproved as a result of experimentation. To be considered testable, some essential criteria must be met: As a result, the experiment will not prove or disprove anything significant. What challenges did you face. How did you overcome these challenges. Please share your thoughts with us in the comments section.You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the newsletter. Learn more about our Privacy Policy. Our author-focused webinars and workshops primarily cater to the needs of ESL authors, early-stage researchers, and graduate students who want to know more about the issues pertinent to successful publication. About Enago Academy. A useful hypothesis is a testable statement,A hypothesis should not be confused with aHowever, there are many things about evolution thatMany hypothesesThat is, you will perform a test of how two variables might be related. This isYou are testing variables. Usually, aNovember many trees undergo color changes in their leaves and the average dailyAre these two events connected? How? It is just anUsing the word “may” does not suggestOne way to preventThey are necessary inBut not all if-then statements are hypotheses. ForAn acceptable hypothesis contains bothExperiment Each lab group will Set-up both experiments; pages 4 and 5 of the labNotice thatFor the formalWrite a formalizedWrite a formalizedDesign: Follow the instructions onDo not use these tables in the final lab report; follow theRecord the dependent variable each assignedEach group must have a sediment score for eachThe sediment. This unit will help students to prepare for the practical examination. Part of Biology (Single Science) Practical skills Add to My Bitesize Add to My Bitesize Twitter Facebook WhatsApp Share Share this with Twitter Facebook WhatsApp Copy link Read more about sharing Revise quiz Test previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Page 1 of 11 next Writing hypotheses In the practical exam you may be required to create a hypothesis and to obtain results from a given experiment method. Scientists use hypotheses to explain things that they observe. Hypotheses can be tested to confirm whether or not a variable has an effect on another variable, and what the relationship is between the variables. A hypothesis in practical work is a prediction that is supported with an explanation. The explanation might use previous knowledge or scientific evidence. You may have to suggest a testable hypothesis for your practical assessment. These are three examples of predictions for stretching a spring. A is a simple prediction, B is slightly more detailed, and C is a very detailed prediction. Predictions A. There is a link between the length of a spring and the amount of weight put on it. B. I think that if I add more weight to the spring it will get longer and its extension and weight might be proportional to each other. C. I think if I double the weight on the spring, the extension will also double. The extension of the spring and the weight might be directly proportional to each other. Explanation I think this because I’ve used newton meters that have springs inside, and they get longer when I add weights. The newton meters have scales written on the side for measuring force and the scale lines are equally spaced for multiples of the same amount of weight added. This prediction can be tested in the lab. Variables All practical predictions imply some sort of relationship between an independent variable, and a dependent variable. To make sure that the effect of changing only one variable on the dependent variable is investigated, other variables are kept the same. They are the control variables. Question What is the independent variable in the above predictions of an investigation. Reveal answer up down The weight added to the spring. Question What is the dependent variable in the investigation. Reveal answer up down The length or extension of the spring. Question What are the control variables in the investigation. Reveal answer up down The spring used must be the same throughout. The length of the spring (or extension) should be read from the same place for each measurement.Get advice here Links Personalise your Bitesize. Sign in, choose your GCSE subjects and see content that's tailored for you. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking. The scientific method is a systematic process that helps minimize bias in research and begins by developing good research questions. This type of research question often quantifies these observations. For example, while out bird watching, you notice that a certain species of sparrow made all its nests with the same material: grasses. A descriptive research question would be “On average, how much grass is used to build sparrow nests?” This type of research question seeks to understand why we observe certain trends or patterns. If we return to our observation about sparrow nests, a causal question would be “Why are the nests of sparrows made with grasses rather than twigs?” A hypothesis should be based on a strong rationale that is usually supported by background research. From the question about sparrow nests, you might hypothesize, “Sparrows use grasses in their nests rather than twigs because grasses are the more abundant material in their habitat.” This abundance hypothesis might be supported by your prior knowledge about the availability of nest building materials (i.e. grasses are more abundant than twigs). Predictions are often written in the form of “if, and, then” statements, as in, “if my hypothesis is true, and I were to do this test, then this is what I will observe.” Following our sparrow example, you could predict that, “If sparrows use grass because it is more abundant, and I compare areas that have more twigs than grasses available, then, in those areas, nests should be made out of twigs.” A more refined prediction might alter the wording so as not to repeat the hypothesis verbatim: “If sparrows choose nesting materials based on their abundance, then when twigs are more abundant, sparrows will use those in their nests.” However, it can be equally exciting if this does not happen. There are many reasons why you can have an unexpected result, and you need to think why this occurred. Maybe you had a potential problem with your methods, but on the flip side, maybe you have just discovered a new line of evidence that can be used to develop another experiment or study. We offer our gratitude to First Peoples for their care for, and teachings about, our earth and our relations. May we honour those teachings. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. She's also a psychotherapist, international bestselling author and host of the The Verywell Mind Podcast. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study.Most of the time, the hypothesis begins with a question which is then explored through background research. It is only at this point that researchers begin to develop a testable hypothesis. Unless you are creating an exploratory study, your hypothesis should always explain what you expect to happen.In psychology, the hypothesis might focus on how a certain aspect of the environment might influence a particular behavior.When conducting an experiment, researchers might explore a number of factors to determine which ones might contribute to the ultimate outcome.When writing up these results, the researchers might suggest other options that should be explored in future studies. For example, prior research has shown that stress can impact the immune system.Once you have completed a literature review, start thinking about potential questions you still have. Pay attention to the discussion section in the journal articles you read. Many authors will suggest questions that still need to be explored.This is known as falsifiability. What falsifiability means is that if something was false, then it is possible to demonstrate that it is false.However, the researcher must also define how the variable will be manipulated and measured in the study.One of the basic principles of any type of scientific research is that the results must be replicable. ? ? By clearly detailing the specifics of how the variables were measured and manipulated, other researchers can better understand the results and repeat the study if needed.How would you operationally define a variable such as aggression. For obvious ethical reasons, researchers cannot create a situation in which a person behaves aggressively toward others.In this situation, the researcher might utilize a simulated task to measure aggressiveness.The research method depends largely on exactly what they are studying. There are two basic types of research methods: descriptive research and experimental research.This type of research method might be used to investigate a hypothesis that is difficult to test experimentally.In an experiment, the researcher systematically manipulates a variable of interest (known as the independent variable) and measures the effect on another variable (known as the dependent variable).It represents what researchers expect to find in a study or experiment. In situations where the hypothesis is unsupported by the research, the research still has value. Such research helps us better understand how different aspects of the natural world relate to one another. It also helps us develop new hypotheses that can then be tested in the future.Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Wadworth, 2013. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with Writing A Hypothesis Answer Guide. To get started finding Writing A Hypothesis Answer Guide, you are right to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed. Our library is the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products represented. I get my most wanted eBook Many thanks If there is a survey it only takes 5 minutes, try any survey which works for you. Developing testable research hypotheses takes skill, however, along with careful attention to how the proposed research method treats the development and testing of hypotheses. This seemingly obvious aspect of research can be deceptively difficult to pin down, as researchers often have an unstated sense of what they want to achieve in a study (and excitement about doing so) that makes it challenging to clearly state a research question. Glenn Firebaugh (2008) identified two key criteria for research questions: questions must be researchable and they must be interesting. Researchable implies that a question can be answered through empirical research (that is, something that science can address) and also limited enough that a study could actually hope to answer the question in a reasonable period of time. The requirement that the research question be interesting implies primarily that the question be important in the context of the ongoing scientific discussion of the topic (that is, interesting to other researchers). Generally the independent variable is mentioned first followed by language implying causality (terms such as explains, results in) and then the dependent variable; the ordering of the variables should be consistent across all hypotheses in a study so that the reader is not confused about the proposed causal ordering. When both variables are continuous in nature, language describing a positive or negative association between the variables can be used (for example, as education increases, so does income). For hypotheses with categorical variables, a statement about which category of the independent variable is associated with a certain category of the dependent variable can be made (for example, men are more likely to support Republican candidates than women). Continuous variables can also be spoken about it categorical terms (those with higher education are more likely to have high incomes). It is also appropriate to use the null hypothesis instead, which states simply that no relationship exists between the variables; recall that the null hypothesis forms the basis of all statistical tests of significance. A compromise position is to present a research hypothesis which states a possible direction for the relationship but softens the causal argument by using language such as “tends to” or “in general.” Due to the inductive nature of qualitative studies, the generation of hypotheses does not take place at the outset of the study. Instead, hypotheses are only tentatively proposed during an iterative process of data collection and interpretation, and help guide the researcher in asking additional questions and searching for disconfirming evidence. These questions usually employ the language of how and what in an effort to allow understanding to emerge from the research, rather than why, which tends to imply that the researcher has already developed a belief about the causal mechanism. In general, a qualitative study will have one or two central questions and a series of five to ten subquestions that further develop the central questions. These questions are often asked directly of the study participants (through in-depth interviews, focus groups, etc.) in recognition of the fact that developing an understanding of a particular phenomenon is a collaborative experience between researchers and participants. You should still be able to navigate through these materials but selftest questions will not work. Your immediate answer to this may be 'I'm not testing a theory'; however, remember that our definition of theory is very broad - 'an idea about how things relate to each other'. If you have an expectation of how your research question will be answered (the outcome) then it is fair to say you have a theory in mind. If you ask of your research question 'What is the expected outcome?' and have an answer, you can ask why. What is my thinking behind this prediction. This is essentially the theory that you will be testing. Your research questions remain as such. This will be the case if your research is descriptive or exploratory in nature. Yes, there is a narrow question to be addressed to which a tentative answer could be suggested. This research question is suitable for testing as a hypothesis. How does applying fertiliser affect the yield of a wheat crop grown on the North Downs in Kent. Yes, again the question is amenable to testing. What are the implications of de-regulating a hitherto controlled market for a staple food commodity on producers and consumers in a named region of a country. This appears to be a more exploratory research question. However, if we have knowledge of some likely outcomes, these could be stated as hypotheses and tested. Why do residents of a named village object to the siting of wind turbines 2 km from their homes. This is a 'why' question which appears exploratory in nature- we do not know at the outset the nature of residents objections. To meet this criterion the hypothesis must be operationalised - that is the concepts employed in the hypothesis must be measurable. The character, variable or descriptor that affects other variables or sampling units is called the independent variable. The character, variable or descriptor which is affected by the independent variable is called the dependent variable or response variable. This issue is discussed in more detail later in the module. One, hypotheses are statements about relationships between variables. Two, hypotheses carry clear implications for testing the stated relationships. These criteria mean, then, that hypothesis statements contain two or more variables that are measurable or potentially measurable and that they specify how the variables are related. The arrow indicates that one variable (financial resources) does something to the other variable (adoption of new technology). Not all concepts have a positive relationship. For example: One of the independent concepts is positively related and the other negatively related to the dependent concept. Most research projects deal only with one small area of the diagram. But it is often useful to make a diagram of more than you plan to study in order to show where your research fits into the larger frame of things and to help you to identify factors which may have to be taken into account (these could be integrated into your conceptual map). Nonetheless, exploratory research should be guided by a clear sense of purpose. Instead of hypotheses, the design for the exploratory study should state its purpose, or research objectives as well as criteria by which the exploration will be judged successful. Success would be measured in terms of generating testable hypotheses. The scientific method The scientific method This is the currently selected item. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter Email Biology and the scientific method Biology overview Preparing to study biology What is life. Data to justify experimental claims examples Practice: Scientific method and data analysis Introduction to experimental design Controlled experiments Biology and the scientific method review Practice: Experimental design and bias Next lesson Important molecules for biology Sort by: Top Voted The scientific method Data to justify experimental claims examples Up Next Data to justify experimental claims examples Biology is brought to you with support from the Amgen Foundation Biology is brought to you with support from the Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Donate or volunteer today. Learn More. Abstract Health research, medical education and clinical practice form the three pillars of modern day medical practice. Health research can and should be pursued by a broad range of people. Even if they do not conduct research themselves, they need to grasp the principles of the scientific method to understand the value and limitations of science and to be able to assess and evaluate results of research before applying them. This review paper aims to highlight the essential concepts to the students and beginning researchers and sensitize and motivate the readers to access the vast literature available on research methodologies. Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. 1 A research proposal is a detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem. 2 A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Broadly the research proposal must address the following questions regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose: What you plan to accomplish, why do you want to do it and how are you going to do it. 1 The aim of this article is to highlight the essential concepts and not to provide extensive details about this topic. The elements of a research proposal are highlighted below: 1. Title: It should be concise and descriptive. It must be informative and catchy. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. 1 The title may need to be revised after completion of writing of the protocol to reflect more closely the sense of the study. 3 2. Abstract: It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the main research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any) and the method. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used. 1 It should stand on its own, and not refer the reader to points in the project description. 3 3. Introduction: The introduction provides the readers with the background information. Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research, so that readers can understand how it relates to other research. 4 It should answer the question of why the research needs to be done and what will be its relevance. It puts the proposal in context. 3 The introduction typically begins with a statement of the research problem in precise and clear terms. 1 The importance of the statement of the research problem 5: The statement of the problem is the essential basis for the construction of a research proposal (research objectives, hypotheses, methodology, work plan and budget etc). It is an integral part of selecting a research topic. It will guide and put into sharper focus the research design being considered for solving the problem. It allows the investigator to describe the problem systematically, to reflect on its importance, its priority in the country and region and to point out why the proposed research on the problem should be undertaken.