logic and computer design fundamentals manual solution

logic and computer design fundamentals manual solution

LINK 1 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
LINK 2 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF

File Name:logic and computer design fundamentals manual solution.pdf
Size: 1306 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook

Category: Book
Uploaded: 25 May 2019, 19:31 PM
Rating: 4.6/5 from 788 votes.

Status: AVAILABLE

Last checked: 8 Minutes ago!

In order to read or download logic and computer design fundamentals manual solution ebook, you need to create a FREE account.

Download Now!

eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version

✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.

✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)

✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.

✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers

logic and computer design fundamentals manual solutionPart 1: General Information and Experimental Techniques (Techniques in the Behavioral and Neural Science, 4) (Pt.1)The 13-digit and 10-digit formats both work. Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Videos Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video. Upload video To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. The 13-digit and 10-digit formats both work. Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. Used: GoodLight wear to book cover and book edges. Name stamped on book edge.Please choose a different delivery location or purchase from another seller.We'll e-mail you with an estimated delivery date as soon as we have more information. Your account will only be charged when we ship the item. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Part 1: General Information and Experimental Techniques (Techniques in the Behavioral and Neural Science, 4) (Pt.1) Part 1: General Information and Experimental Techniques (Techniques in the Behavioral and Neural Science, 4) (Pt.1) If it is added to AbeBooks by one of our member booksellers, we will notify you! All Rights Reserved. Some features of WorldCat will not be available.By continuing to use the site, you are agreeing to OCLC’s placement of cookies on your device. Find out more here. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study.http://anesaportugal.org/upload/how-to-switch-from-automatic-to-manual-transmission-in-forza-4.xml

Tags:
• logic and computer design fundamentals solution manual, logic and computer design fundamentals solution manual pdf, logic and computer design fundamentals 5th edition solutions manual, logic and computer design fundamentals 4th edition solution manual free download, logic and computer design fundamentals manual solution, logic and computer design fundamentals manual solutions.

The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Please enter recipient e-mail address(es). Please re-enter recipient e-mail address(es). Please enter your name. Please enter the subject. Please enter the message. Author: J J van Dongen. Publisher: Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1990-Please select Ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway. All rights reserved. You can easily create a free account. The sections on experimental techniques are covered in the greatest depth. All essential steps that are taken during the operations are shown in meticulously accurate drawings thus making the manual an accurate instrument in teaching and studying microsurgery and microsurgical techniques. This page describes what information they gather, how we use it and why we sometimes need to store these cookies. We will also share how you can prevent these cookies from being stored however this may downgrade or 'break' certain elements of the sites functionality.Unfortunately in most cases there are no industry standard options for disabling cookies without completely disabling the functionality and features they add to this site. It is recommended that you leave on all cookies if you are not sure whether you need them or not in case they are used to provide a service that you use.Be aware that disabling cookies will affect the functionality of this and many other websites that you visit. Disabling cookies will usually result in also disabling certain functionality and features of the this site. Therefore it is recommended that you do not disable cookies.These cookies will usually be deleted when you log out however in some cases they may remain afterwards to remember your site preferences when logged out.This prevents you from having to log in every single time you visit a new page.http://goodwillintlhr.com/userfiles/ecotec-plus-624-manual.xml These cookies are typically removed or cleared when you log out to ensure that you can only access restricted features and areas when logged in.In order to remember your preferences we need to set cookies so that this information can be called whenever you interact with a page is affected by your preferences.The following section details which third party cookies you might encounter through this site.These cookies may track things such as how long you spend on the site and the pages that you visit so we can continue to produce engaging content.When we are still testing new features these cookies may be used to ensure that you receive a consistent experience whilst on the site whilst ensuring we understand which optimisations our users appreciate the most.This Cookies Policy was created with the help of the CookiePolicyGenerator.com. June 24, 2009CRC PressApril 19, 2016CRC PressWhere the content of the eBook requires a specific layout, or contains maths or other special characters, the eBook will be available in PDF (PBK) format, which cannot be reflowed. For both formats the functionality available will depend on how you access the ebook (via Bookshelf Online in your browser or via the Bookshelf app on your PC or mobile device). Experimental Surgical Models in the Laboratory Rat summarizes a series of techniques that were applied in the Bone Biology Laboratories, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Argentina. This definitive work provides technical and practical data including volumes and concentrations of solutions, catheters used, equipment, and biological variables on the rat. Experimental Surgical Models in the Laboratory Rat is a complete reference for today’s biomedical sciences investigator. To learn how to manage your cookie settings, please see our. This page describes what information they gather, how we use it and why we sometimes need to store these cookies. Learn More.https://www.interactivelearnings.com/forum/selenium-using-c/topic/20497/elna-255-elnita-instruction-manual Abstract Administration of substances to laboratory animals requires careful consideration and planning to optimize delivery of the agent to the animal while minimizing potential adverse experiences from the procedure. For all species, many different routes are available for administration of substances. The research team and IACUC members should be aware of reasons for selecting specific routes and of training and competency necessary for personnel to use these routes effectively. Once a route is selected, issues such as volume of administration, site of delivery, pH of the substance, and other factors must be considered to refine the technique. Inadequate training or inattention to detail during this aspect of a study may result in unintentional adverse effects on experimental animals and confounded results. Administration of substances to laboratory animals is often a critical component of experimental design. Administered substances may include: infectious disease agents; various therapeutics, such as vaccinations, antimicrobials, pharmacologic agents, anesthetics, and analgesics; chemical test agents; radiocontrast agents; electrolytes and other fluids; and nutritive support. Because substances may be administered repeatedly to the same animal or to multiple animals on the same study, the dosing methodology is an important consideration when planning an experiment and during protocol review by animal care and use committees and represents an essential opportunity for refining treatment of research subjects. Specific considerations for delivery of substances to animals are numerous and include factors such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of therapeutic or chemical agents; route, volume, and frequency of administration; duration of treatment; pH, stability, homogeneity, and osmolality of the substance to be administered; selection of vehicle or solvent for delivering substances that cannot be administered in a solid or particulate state; solution preparation, including considerations for sterility if the substance is being administered parenterally; and dosing apparatus and animal restraint necessary for specific routes of delivery. In addition, research teams should be aware of potential adverse effects related to substance administration to avoid confounding effects with other aspects of study design and to permit accurate interpretation of research findings. Although understanding the basic pharmacology of any administered therapeutic or chemical agent is important for experimental planning, it is beyond the scope of this article to review principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and readers are referred to several excellent texts dealing with these subjects. 22, 102, 106 This article is the first of a 2-part review of substance delivery to laboratory animals and summarizes recommended practices for various routes of administration to a range of species and factors to consider during experimental planning. The second part of this review examines dosing equipment and apparatus needed for substance delivery, considerations for selecting vehicles, and solute preparation and handling. 134 Routes of Administration Selection of a route. Substances are administered to laboratory animals by a wide variety of routes. Parenteral administration methods typically produce the highest bioavailability of substances because these methods avoid the first-pass effect of hepatic metabolism, which occurs commonly with orally administered chemicals and therapeutics. Parenteral routes also circumvent some of the unpredictability associated with enteral absorptive processes. In laboratory species, many of the commonly used methods of delivery require restraint, sedation, or general anesthesia. The use of such manipulations should be considered when selecting the administration route to refine procedures so that they are less invasive or aversive to the animals. In addition, each route has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered depending on the final effect to be achieved, and ultimately the route selected will markedly affect the pharmacokinetics of the substance. This pharmacokinetic effect of route of administration is exemplified by naloxone, a potent opioid antagonist. Given intravenously, naloxone rapidly reverses opioid-induced central nervous system depression, 28 but when given enterally, the drug can be used to treat opioid-induced bowel stasis without antagonism of the analgesic effects of systemically administered opioids. 52 Another consideration regarding once-daily administration of substances to animals is their chronobiology or circadian rhythm. Depending on the aims and objectives of the experiment, the timing of substance administration may need to be considered carefully, for example, to administer a therapeutic when an animal's system is most or least metabolically active to induce or minimize toxicity. 119 Enteral administration. Administration of substances directly into the mouth, admixed in diet or other foodstuffs, or by orogastric or nasogastric gavage is common in laboratory animal medicine and research. Per rectum administration of substances by enema or suppository is less common in animals than in humans. The oral route is economical, convenient, relatively safe, and some animals can be trained to cooperate voluntarily, depending on the compound being administered ( Figure 1 A through C ). Although voluntary consumption of the material being administered is ideal, this dosing technique may not be reliable in all animals or dose groups or for long-term studies, because of individual preferences for flavors, palatability issues, and changes in behavior over time. For substances being tested for safety, oral dosing mimics the most commonly used mode of administration of substances to humans. When placing substances directly into the mouth, it is important to ensure that tablets or gelatin capsules containing test material are placed far back in the mouth and that the animal swallows, to ensure receipt of the full dose. The number and size of capsules or tablets administered should be proportional to the size of the animal being dosed, to minimize regurgitation. Gavage (esophageal or gastric) is often used in research settings, instead of mixing substances in water or food, to ensure precise and accurate dosing of animals ( Figure 1 D ). Open in a separate window Figure 1. (A) Rat voluntarily consuming nutritional supplement from a syringe. Photo courtesy of Colette Wheler. (B) Macaque voluntarily drinking medication from a syringe. Photo courtesy of Andrew Winterborn. (C) Pig voluntarily accepting medication when administered in a marshmallow. (D) Oral gavage of fish. Photo courtesy of Gerald Johnson. Selection of appropriate tubing size for orogastric or nasogastric gavage is important to minimize discomfort while optimizing delivery of substances. Nasogastric tubes are used commonly in rabbits for enteral nutrition and in nonhuman primates for dose administration and typically comprise 3- to 8-French soft rubber pediatric feeding tubes. 18, 104 Tubing is measured from the external nares to the last rib and marked. To minimize discomfort, a small amount of xylocaine jelly can be placed on the end of the tubing or a drop of 0.5 proparicaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is placed directly in the nares prior to introducing the tubing into the ventromedial meatus ( Figure 2 ). Open in a separate window Figure 2. Chronic nasogastric catheter placement in a rabbit for enteral nutrition. Photo courtesy of Colette Wheler. Except when given in the diet or admixed with food, oral administration of substances typically requires some form of restraint. For example, lower volumes than those listed in this table may need to be used for highly viscous or irritating substances.Intrathecal injection volumes and doses are typically 50 of those used for epidural delivery. Limitations of oral dosage may include a slower onset of action compared with parenteral delivery, a potentially significant first-pass effect by the liver for those substances metabolized through this route with reduced efficacy, lack of absorption of substances due to chemical polarity or interference with absorption by ingesta, poor compliance with voluntary consumption because of poor palatability or local irritation, lack of systemic absorption from the digestive tract, degradation of substances by digestive enzymes and acid, and inability to use this route in animals that are unconscious or have clinically significant diarrhea or emesis. 11 Oral gavage requires moderate technical skill and confidence. Research personnel should have training and practice prior to study initiation to minimize adverse events associated with the technique and to ensure that it is performed accurately, rapidly, and humanely in experimental animals. Intravenous administration. The intravenous route of delivery is the most efficient means of delivering substances to animals because it bypasses the need for solute absorption. With this method, substances are administered as a bolus or infusion directly into blood vessels on either an acute or chronic basis ( Figure 3 ). Precision electronic infusion pumps equipped with alarms to indicate flow interruptions and microdrop infusion sets are used to ensure accurate chronic intravenous delivery of many substances; however, less expensive precision and spring-operated disposable pumps have become available for this purpose in recent years and may represent a more economical alternative for experimental intravenous substance delivery, depending on the nature of the material to be administered and the duration of treatment. 2, 32, 117 Open in a separate window Figure 3. Different routes of skin administration of substances. Depicted are intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and intradermal (ID) routes. Illustration courtesy of Gianni Chiappetta. Although fluids and parenteral nutrition typically are infused on a continuous basis over several hours or days, the decision to administer other substances by the intravenous route often depends on the pharmacokinetics of the substance, as well as the maximum tolerated dose, the time interval over which delivery is required (referred to as dosing intensity), and the need to minimize variations in peak and trough blood levels in the substance being administered. The actual technique involves aseptic preparation of skin for percutaneous venous injection or surgical exposure of blood vessels for substance administration. Intentional intraarterial administration of substances should be avoided routinely and used only for specific experimental conditions, because of the potential for severe complications with this route, including blindness, cerebrovascular stroke, permanent motor deficits, and limb gangrene. 75, 114, 116, 142 Suggested sites and volumes for intravenous injection and infusion of substances are given in Table 1. Researchers designing experiments requiring single or repeated intravenous treatments should consider technique refinements that may enhance animal comfort, including the use of the smallest needle or catheter size possible to minimize injection trauma, butterfly needles for single injections to minimize perivascular trauma, indwelling catheters and vascular access ports for animal comfort and locomotor freedom, topical anesthetic creams and ointments prior to needle placement to minimize injection pain, and external pump packs to minimize the restriction of animal movement associated with tethering. Excellent recent reviews of techniques, equipment, and refinements for using catheters and vascular access ports in animals have been published. 16, 53, 89, 124, 125, 128 A more detailed discussion of dosing equipment for intravenous delivery can be found in the companion article to the current work. 134 Intraosseous administration of substances, particularly crystalloid fluids, is used in human pediatric medicine and emergency avian and rabbit medicine as an alternative for the intravenous route in hypovolemic patients with inaccessible or collapsed veins. 31, 80, 129 The medullary cavity contains noncollapsing venous sinuses that directly enter into the central venous circulation and substances administered intraosseously are generally detectable immediately after administration. The technique is difficult to perform without advanced training and is potentially invasive, with considerable risk for postprocedural osteomyelitis, fat embolization, iatrogenic fracture and growth plate injury, and pain. Intraosseous administration typically is conducted in fully anesthetized animals. Substances administered intravenously or intraosseously must be delivered aseptically and should be sterile; free of particulates that may induce foreign body emboli; and minimally irritating to vascular endothelia, to prevent vasculitis and thrombosis, and to erythrocytes, to minimize lysis. Certain oily substances, such as cremaphor, and various alcohols, surfactants, and other vehicles and excipients may induce hemolysis when introduced intravenously; these substances should be avoided, whenever possible, or first evaluated in vitro for safety. 4, 79, 90 The intravenous route of substance delivery, although efficient, can be risky in animals, and persons conducting this technique require training and practice to ensure competency. Careful control of hemostasis must be instituted when the catheter or needle is removed, to minimize blood loss and painful hematoma formation. When fluids or infusions are administered chronically, animals should be monitored closely for signs of fluid overload and pulmonary edema, such as dyspnea and cyanosis. 77 Chronically implanted catheters and vascular access ports require regular cleaning and maintenance to ensure patency and prevent infection. Administration to skin and muscle. Some substances can be administered directly to the skin surface (epicutaneous administration) for a topical affect. The extent of absorption of materials through the skin and into the systemic circulation (that is, percutaneous or transdermal delivery) depends on: the surface area over which the substance is applied; the concentration of the substance administered; the lipid solubility of the material or vehicle; whether the skin surface is intact; the skin thickness at the site of application; the length of time that the material is in contact with the skin surface; and the degree of skin hydration and surface occlusion, in that covered and well-hydrated skin absorbs substances faster than does uncovered or dry skin. 87 For fish, specialized chambers can be constructed to expose the skin or gills specifically to test substances. 16, 53 When administering substances topically to the skin of mammals, overlying hair is clipped to minimize matting and maximize contact with the material to be applied, and the skin surface is cleaned prior to application. Absorption of substances across the epidermis occurs through paracellular and transcellular mechanisms into the stratum corneum, to the stratum spinosum, and then to the basal layers of the skin and later, the dermis, as well as into the subcutaneous space through hair follicles and accessory glands. 42, 93 Caution must be exercised to avoid applying caustic or irritating material directly onto the skin, and some substances may induce local sensitization reactions. Consideration should be given to the potential for systemic toxicity when administering substances topically, particularly if the site is readily accessible for grooming. 46 Application of thin layers of cream or ointment to the skin at more frequent intervals may be more efficacious with less potential for systemic toxicity than is less frequent application of thicker layers. Transdermal or percutaneous delivery represents a similar route of administration except that materials are applied to the skin surface deliberately, usually by means of a patch, for absorption across the epithelial barrier into the systemic circulation. Typically, this method produces very constant blood levels of the substance being administered. Percutaneous delivery is an attractive alternative to other parenteral routes, avoiding the need for repeated animal restraint, painful injections, and sharps hazards. In addition, materials can readily be removed from the skin surface if dosing needs to be interrupted or if adverse effects are noted. Transdermal delivery of substances may be acute or chronic, and current techniques for delivering substances by this route have been reviewed recently. 7, 45, 100 The skin is prepared as for topical delivery. When a transdermal delivery system will be used, the agent and delivery system (for example, patch) must be applied in advance of when the desired effect needs to occur, based on the pharmacokinetics of substance absorption. The product should be applied in such a way to protect it from ingestion and contamination, and the signs of toxicity after inadvertent ingestion by the animal should be known. Commercially available human transdermal products can be difficult to use in animals because of the much larger doses of substances impregnated into products intended for adult human use. Cutting transdermal patches to scale-down the dose being administered is not recommended; however, covering a portion of the patch to limit substance administration may be used. Animals should be observed closely for toxicity, and as for topical delivery methods, skin sensitization may occur over time with transdermal product use. 84 Animals must be prevented from removing and ingesting patches. Nonirritating substances may be given subcutaneously, which represents a rapid, inexpensive, and simple method of parenteral substance administration ( Figure 3 ). Substances administered subcutaneously often are absorbed at a slower rate compared with other parenteral routes, providing a sustained effect. The exact mechanism of absorption is unknown but is thought to be due to uptake of macromolecules within the subcutis by small capillaries underling the skin, with minimal lymphatic absorption. 56 Substances delivered subcutaneously can be aqueous or oily fluids, depots of oily materials for slow absorption, solid pellets, or injected into suitably sized osmotic minipumps or other implantable pumps, which subsequently are surgically inserted into a subcutaneous pocket. Because the subcutaneous space is largely a virtual space, it can be an excellent site for large volume fluid delivery in small or dehydrated animals, avoiding technical difficulties and problems sometimes seen with direct intravenous administration, such as fluid overload and pulmonary edema, because excess subcutaneous fluid is excreted rapidly by the kidneys. Compared with intravenous delivery, the subcutaneous route is a simple one to master; however, training and competency of personnel should be monitored to ensure that substances are delivered accurately and that inadvertent intravenous injection is avoided. Careful consideration should be given to using an appropriately sized needle, and humane and aseptic periinjection techniques. The skin overlying the site selected for injection should be loose to minimize discomfort, and the needle should be inserted at a shallow angle to minimize damage to underlying tissues. Passing a small-gauge needle through a thick rubber stopper to fill an attached syringe prior to injection may dull the needle point, enhancing injection discomfort. Contaminated substances injected subcutaneously typically will result in abscess formation. Recommended volumes and locations for subcutaneous injections are presented in Table 1. Inadvertent subcutaneous administration is a common complication of intradermal injections, and small, sharp needles are required for success with intradermal delivery. 82 Intramuscular administration of substances is a common parenteral route in large animals and humans but often is avoided in smaller species because of the reduced muscle mass. Generally, intramuscular injections result in uniform and rapid absorption of substances, because of the rich vascular supply ( Figure 3 ). Smaller volumes are administered intramuscularly than for subcutaneous delivery ( Table 1 ). The intramuscular technique requires more skill than does subcutaneous injection and should be conducted only by well-trained personnel. Intramuscular injection of irritating substances or inadvertent injection of nerves may result in paresis, paralysis, muscle necrosis, and localized muscle sloughing. 103 Repeated injections may result in muscle inflammation and necrosis. 30 Other considerations and cautions for using the intramuscular route for substance delivery are similar to the subcutaneous route. Epidural and intrathecal administration. For rapid effects of substances on cerebrospinal tissues or meninges, substances can be administered into the epidural or subarachnoid (intrathecal) space of the spinal cord ( Figure 4, Table 1 ). The route is used commonly to induce spinal anesthesia or to introduce contrast media for visualizing vertebral bodies or the spinal cord of large animal species. The technique requires animals to be sedated heavily and given a local anesthetic block over the spinal needle insertion site; alternatively animals can undergo general anesthesia prior to implementation. 23, 138 Aseptic preparation of the skin overlying the injection site and use of sterile technique for needle insertion are critical for success and animal recovery. The exact location of needle insertion and volume of injectate will vary between species and for intrathecal compared with epidural administration, and several factors contribute to procedural success (see reference 138 for review). Epidural fat, lipophilicity of the substance being administered, leakage of injectate through intervertebral spaces, and pronounced meningovertebral ligaments all will limit or alter the spread of material being introduced by epidural or intrathecal routes. 58 This limitation may be problematic, in that increased quantities of substances may need to be administered for effect, with the possibility of spill-over into systemic circulation, resulting in adverse effects, such as profound respiratory depression requiring prolonged ventilation.